From the hunting and gathering society evolution took place and resulted in the formation of the next higher level of society which was the Pastoral society and the Horticultural society. Before leading to the agrarian society or the peasant society these two stages of evolution are considered to be the intermediate stages of development and are essential to understand the evolution process. In due course of time, the nomads or the hunters and gatherers started settling in different places with the increase in the number of members in their tribes. As a small group it was possible for the herds or the tribes to move around different places. However, when slowly the population in the tribes or herds increased and started settling in the agriculturally productive regions, the people started moving into the next stage of evolution. This stage of evolution was forming the family and kinship system and also as Rousseau and Locke pointed out they also formed political system. The political system was mainly formed of the head of the tribal groups who was bestowed with (given with) all forms of authority and power to control the rest of the population. Other herd members were under the control of the supreme authority of this tribal head. In this way, slowly the political, social and economic system grew among the tribal groups and they were no more being called as the nomads.
During this period, the mode of production and consumption was mainly pastoral and horticultural which evolved to agricultural in the next stage of development. In other words, during this time, there was no form of systematic agricultural production which had evolved in the peasant society or the agricultural society. People mainly used to feed on the cattle stock and coarse grains like barley and parsley for household consumption. There was no form of production which could be marketed outside the tribal groups. This form of production was mainly used for the households or the families. These agricultural production was called as domestic mode of production because it was used by the tribal households and families for domestic purpose and the mode of production was mainly in the form of domestic animals, cattle stock and resources which were available to the tribal people. In other words, this form of production can also be called as the household production which was meant for consumption only at the household level.
Around 10 to 12 thousand years ago, hunting and gathering groups adopted the strategy of keeping cattle and domestic animals like sheep, goats, cows which would help in providing sufficient food needed for the people in the tribal or hunting and gathering society. Taming of these animals was also referred to as domestication. The domestic mode of production and consumption has taken place from these societies through this domestication of animals and cattle stock. The use of such animals for agricultural purposes and as important sources of food which was sufficient for the people in the tribes or herds and were not usually sent out from the herds or tribes was called as the Domestic mode of production and consumption.
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