MODERN TRENDS IN NATURE OF WORK
AND ECONOMY Today is what we will call Knowledge Economy we are gradually
leading to a new type of society no longer based on primarily on industrialism
that is the age of beyond industrialism a phase of development which is coined
in a number of ways to describe this new social order such as post-industrial
society, the information age and the ―new Economy‖ Knowledge Economy is however
more common. In general teams knowledge request to an Economy in which ideas
information and forms of knowledge led to invasion and economic growth. A
knowledge worker is one who is involved mostly in design development,
marketing, sale and servicing of material goods. People earn their living by
providing service, judgment information and analysis whether in telephone call
center, office a government department or a scientific laboratory. This is in
sharp contrast to the industrial job which involved physical labour and
produced clear tangible result. But today a person is a knowledge work his work
is a consultant is focused with the application of information. It does not
directly produce anything can be observed or measure in a traditional way tok
po - (Knowledge processing organization)
Knowledge induced industries are
understood broadly to include high technology education, training &
research and development and the financial investment sector, government is
investing in public education spending on software development, and research
and development. I) Information Technology:- Internet e-mail, tele conferencing
and e commerce are changing the way in which companies do business. But they
also affect the way employees work on daily basis. Bluner with his optimistic
look argued the information technology will revolutionize the worked of work by
allowing new and more flexible ways of working to emerge. Workers will be give
more freedom to control over and input in to the work process. Sociologist emphasizes
that power of technology determines, the nature and scope of work itself. On
one hand information technology can break rigid hierarchies to engage. More
over employees on decision making and to induce worker more closely in day to
day affair, of the company. On the other hand it is believed that It career
today affairs the company cut down face interactions look block channels of
accountability and transform an office into a network of self-contained and
isolated modules. II) The transformation of work:- Over the last three decades
flexible practices have been introduced in a number of fields including product
development, production techniques, management style the working environment,
the employee involvement and marketing. This is post-industrial stages or the
second industrial stages divide classic in which flexibility and innovation are
maximized in order to meet market demand for diverse customize products. The
idea of flexible production or flexible specialization is the small farms of
highly skilled workers are innovative production technique and new forms of
technology. To produce smaller quantities of goods that are more individualized
than the mass produced one. Change in design options and feature to be
introduced more frequently. This allows companies to diversify their product
line in order to meet these needs.
a) Group
Production:
This is similar
to team work like when workers work as a team work members, meet and resolve
production problem for example equality cycle group.
b) Multiskilling:
New forms of
work allow employers to increase the breadth of their skills by engaging in a
variety tasks, rather than performing and specific task and over again. Group
Production and team work ore seen as promoting a ―Multiskilled‖ work force
capable of carrying out a broader set of responsibilities. Thus in terms turn
leads to higher productivity and better quality goods and services, employees
who are able to contribute to job in multiple ways will be more successful in
solving problems and carrying up with feature approaches.
c) Women
and Work : Until recently paid work in western countries was predominantly the
sphere of men. Today more and more women have mould into labour force between
35 - 60% of women aged between 16-60 in most European countries hold paid job
outside that home. There are many reason why the gap in Economic activity has
rates between men and woman have been closing in recent decades. 1] There have
been changes in the scope and nature of the tasks that have automatically
traditionally been associated with women and the domestic sphere‘, child birth
has been declined furthers mechanization of many domestic tasks has also help
to cuts down the amount of time that needs to be spent to maintain the home. 2]
Economic Pressure on house hold including arise in make unemployment have led
more women to seek paid work. Finally it is important to note that many desires
women have chosen to entry the labour market out of a desire for personal
fulfillment and in response to drive for equality propelled for ward by the
women movement of 1960‘s and 1970s. But it has been full filled observed that
women always face inequality while the work place. They are not only paid less
but also given the job while less skilled and do not pose much challenges such
jobs are called feminine jobs. Occupational gender segregations refers to the
fact that men and women are concentrated in different types of jobs based on
prevailing understanding of what appropriate male or female work. Work is also
and occupational or the concept of occupation is different from that ‘work‘ in
the sense that occupation always gives something return. So an `Occupation‘ Is
a job done in exchanges of a regular wage or salary in any industrial organization.
In all societies work is the basic of economy. Without work, there is no
production.
Future of
work
In the light of
the impact of the global economy and the demand for a flexible labour force,
some sociologist and economist have argued that more people in the future will
become portfolio workers. They will have skill port – folio‘ – a number of
different job skill and credentials which they will use to move between several
jobs during the course of their working lives. Only a relatively small
proportion of workers will have continuous careers‘ in the current sense.
OCCUPATION
Occupation is a
`Calling‘ or work which engages a person throughout the day. Further, this is
the source of the like livelihood thus the term occupation is used for a full
time purposively activity done in exchange for payment. Occupation is work in
economic sense. The occupation of a person reflects his income, his Status in
society, his own attitude and also his academic or technical qualification.
Occupation also determines the person style of living his ambition and his
orientation to work Occupation are very important, they determine the whole
life. Individuals train themselves in a particular occupation when they are
young. They devote a considerable time to learn the skill of any occupation and
also practise it. The more time is given to any learning, the higher status of that occupation becomes.
This is also a Profession these, a profession in an occupation which is learned
after long training and which produced confidence authority and expertise
knowledge in a specialized area. The profession also gives the person the
authority to practice his occupation independently but many individual cannot
devote much time they accept any job according to their capabilities and
interest. Occupation is thus a productive activity mainly industrial activity.
The industrial or many activity, work is known `labour‘ ie the activity which
is done by individual in exchange for money or the purpose of livelihood.
Labour is a primary factor of production. It is considered to be important role
not only because it is productive but also it stimulates other factors and make
them useful for production purposes. Therefore the size of labour force in a
country is of crucial importance for the level of economic activity. Occupation
can be broadly classified in to 3 stages. Primary, tertiary, Secondary.
Agriculture forestry, animal husbandry fishing, poultry farming, mining, and
quarrying are considered to be primary occupation. In relatively backward
counties large proportion of the population remain engaged in such occupations.
In some of the developed as well as under developed countries, fishing is an
important activity. In Japan, Norway and England it provides employment to a
substantial number of people. Denmark and Argentina are famous for animal
husbandry, dairy and poultry farming. Forestry is an important activity in
Canada and Mayanmar.
But overall the country grows Economically
dependence an primary activities declines. Almost all developed countries had
adopted industries followed by the development of tertiary activities for their
sustained development. Furthermore rise in proportion of non-agricultural
labour force lead to an increase in real national Income. Labour intensive
techniques adopted in primary activities result in low productivity. In must
countries it is not possible to use highly capital intensive sophisticated
mechanized production, technology, simply because the country is not highly
industrialized and large numbers of people are engaged in secondary and tertiary
sectors. Manufacturing industries and small scale and cottage industries are
included in the tertiary. A low proportion of labour engaged. In India the
percentage is very low, hardly 12% even in secondary sector from the point of
view of employment, large scale manufacturing industries are less important. In
contrast, small scale and cottage industries provides more job 82.2% of the
labour force is engaged in small scale as against 17.8% and medium units in
1990. Trade, transport, communication, banking, insurance etc are, included in
the tertiary sector. They are also called ―Service industries generally
productivity in the tertiary sector is a high secondary industries and
sometimes even higher that in the later. The higher percentage of labour
engaged in secondary and tertiary activates reflects economic progress.
According to world development report 1997 in 1990 while in developed countries
45.70% of the labour force was employed in the tertiary sector, India could
provide jobs to barely 20% of its labour force in this sector.
Occupation of Individual in a country
also determining the level of per capital Income. In all the countries where
per - capita income is low a substantially large proportion of the national
Income is spent an goods produced in the primary sector. As such sizable labour
force in these countries remain employed in agriculture animal husbandry,
fishery and forestry. When growth takes place and the per capital income rises
demand for manufactured goods increased and in response the output is also
expanded. This creates more job in the secondary sector. Occupations are
determined by skills unskilled job can be performed by literate people since
they require physical labour. Semiskilled job require little knowledge and
mental ability where, skilled job require little knowledge and mental ability.
While skilled jobs required higher level of physical and mental capacity. Some
jobs are feminine jobs while other occupations are masculine‘. Depending on the
type of jobs women generally occupies less skilled jobs while men in more
harder physically laborious or skilled job. Traditionally, caste in India also
determine the occupation upper caste engaged in clean, socially considered
higher status jobs like teaching, fighting performing religious rituals,
producing crops etc. polluting jobs were given to lower castes. Occupation also
determines orientation of the work. Lock wood maintain that worker define work
primarily as a mean to an end particular as a mean for obtaining money to raise
their living standards. They are strongly attached to their firms and generally
regard employees in a positive side while Blauner in his famous study
alienation and freedom insists in his technology of work which determines behavior
and attitude of worker, if the occupation is in assembly line production.
Example:- automobile industry, the work alienated or depressed the worker, on
the line has little control over his work. The line determines his speed of
work and grades like freedom of movement. There is little all for skill
judgment or initiative. Such routines job result in economy, fatigue lack of
interest and ultimately responsible for the loss of meaning.
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